Rhinitis disease

The nasal cavity is an irregular cavity surrounded by bone and cartilage and covered with mucosa and skin. The nasal cavity is divided into left and right cavities by the middle nasal diaphragm. It opens to the outside through the nostril in the front and to the pharynx through the posterior nostril in the back. Each side of the nasal cavity is divided into anterior and posterior parts, the anterior nasal vestibule and the posterior nasal cavity.

Nasal vestibule

The hollow space surrounded by the nose wing is lined with skin and has thick nasal hair, which has the function of filtering dust. Because of the lack of subcutaneous tissue in this area, the pain is more severe when boils occur.

Proper nasal cavity

As the main part of the nasal cavity, it is often referred to as the nasal cavity in clinic. It is composed of bone nasal cavity covered with mucosa. The upper, middle and inferior turbinates can be seen on the lateral wall, and the upper, middle and inferior nasal meatus formed under each turbinate respectively. The medial and lateral wall of the nasal cavity is the nasal septum, which is composed of osseous nasal septum and nasal septum cartilage covered with mucosa.

The mucosa of the innate nasal cavity can be divided into the olfactory part and the respiratory part. The olfactory part is located in the upper turbinate and the nasal septum opposite to the upper turbinate. The mucosa contains olfactory cells, which can sense olfactory stimulation; the respiratory part is the part outside the olfactory part, which is rich in blood vessels, mucous glands and cilia, which can adjust the temperature and humidity of inhaled air; and purify bacteria and dust.

Paranasal sinuses

Paranasal sinuses, also known as paranasal sinuses, are made of bone paranasal sinuses lined with mucosa. There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses, all of which open in the nasal cavity. The anterior and middle atria of maxillary sinus, frontal sinus and ethmoid sinus open to the middle nasal meatus; the posterior atrium of ethmoid sinus opens to the upper nasal meatus; and the sphenoid sinus opens to the posterior and upper part of the upper turbinate. Because paranasal sinus mucosa is connected with nasal mucosa, it can spread to paranasal sinus and cause paranasal sinusitis when nasal cavity is inflamed. The opening of the maxillary sinus is higher than the base of the sinus, so when the maxillary sinus is inflamed and purulent, the drainage is often not smooth, resulting in sinus empyema. Paranasal sinus can adjust the temperature and humidity of inhaled air and resonate with pronunciation.

1. The maxillary sinus is located in the maxillary body, which is the largest volume in the sinus, averaging about 13 ml. The upper wall is the orbital floor. The bottom wall is alveolar process, which is closely related to the maxillary second bicuspid teeth (sometimes up to canines) and the first and second molars. The inner wall is part of the external wall of the nasal cavity, and the orifice of the sinus opens to the middle nasal meatus. The orifice of the sinus is higher, which is not conducive to drainage.

2. The ethmoid sinus is situated in the ethmoid bone above the nasal cavity, which is hive-like. There are about 3-15 ethmoid cells on each side. They were divided into two groups: the anterior group opened to the middle nasal meatus and the posterior group opened to the upper nasal meatus. The outer wall has paper pattern and tear plate bone separated from the orbital contents, and the wall is as thin as paper. The inner wall corresponds to the upper and middle turbinates of the inner wall of the nasal cavity. The inferior wall is a cribriform vesicle located in the middle nasal meatus. The parietal wall is part of the basal wall of the frontal sinus or the anterior cranial fossa. The anterior wall connects with the frontal process of the maxilla and the frontal sinus. The posterior wall can reach the anterior wall of sphenoid sinus.

3. The anterior wall of frontal sinus is the outer plate of frontal bone, which is thicker and contains bone marrow. The posterior wall is the inner frontal plate through which blood vessels enter the dura mater. The base is the orbital apex and the top of the anterior ethmoid sinus. The frontal sinus openings in the medial part of the basal wall lead to the front of the middle nasal meatus through the nasofrontal canal. The medial wall is bilateral frontal sinus septum.

4. There is an optic foramen at the angle between the parietal wall and the lateral wall of sphenoid sinus. The lateral wall is separated from the middle cranial fossa. The posterior wall is sphenoid body. The anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus opens naturally into the sphenoethmoid recess. The inferior wall is the posterior nostril and the top of nasopharynx.